National Character Area 127

Isle of Wight - Key Facts & Data

Landscape and nature conservation designations section contains a map

Note that numbers and figures in the body of the text are based on the 2014 profiles, unless otherwise stated. The maps contain live frequently updated datasets.

The Isle of Wight Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) is 19,100 ha and forms nearly 50 per cent of the NCA. The AONB is divided into 5 separate land parcels across the island. The Isle of Wight also contains two Heritage Coasts: Tennyson (2,418 ha) and Hamstead (1,546 ha) totalling 10 per cent of the NCA (Natural England, 2011) .

Relationship with the coast

The adjacent coastline is covered by the following Shoreline Management Plans:

  • Isle of Wight

The adjacent coastline includes the following Marine Plan – Marine Character Areas (MCAs):

  • The Solent
  • South Wight



Designated nature conservation sites

The NCA includes the following statutory nature conservation designations (Natural England, Special Protection Areas; Special Area of Conservation; Ramsars; National Nature Reserves; Sites of Special Scientific Interest and Local Nature Reserves, 2021):

Please note: (i) Designated areas may overlap (ii) all figures are cut to Mean High Water Line, designations that span coastal/marine areas below this line will not be included.

Condition of designated sites
All designated sites within England are covered by Sites of Scientific Interest (SSSI) units. The condition to these SSSI units within the NCA are as follows (Natural England, Sites of Special Scientific Interest Units, 2021; 2023):



Landscape and nature conservation designations map for NCA127

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Landform, geology and soils section contains a map

Note that numbers and figures in the body of the text are based on the 2014 profiles, unless otherwise stated. The maps contain live frequently updated datasets.

Elevation

A central chalk ridge reaches a maximum height of 214m AOD at Brightstone Down, an area of deeply dissected dry valleys with generally thin and infertile soils. At Tennyson Down the advancing sea has carved the ridge into the precipitous cliffs and distinctive stacks known as the Needles. The southern chalk downs are higher, reaching 240m AOD at St Boniface Down. The chalk downland results in panoramic views of the island and forms a key visual receptor from which much of the island’s wider landscape is visible (Isle of Wight Character Area Description and Isle of Wight AONB, 2012).

Landform and process

About 30 million years ago the sea retreated from the island. The whole rock sequence Now then buckled by earth movements associated with the formation of the Alps far to the south. On the north of the island are slumping cliffs, platforms cut in the beaches by fossil seas and more recent features such as estuaries, spits, shingle bars and reefs. On the south of the island are landscape scale features such as the Isle of Wight monocline (the huge fold that buckled the rocks from the Needles to St Catherine’s Point), the Undercliff (the largest active landslip in Europe) and small-scale features such as the south coast ‘chines’, cliffs, sea caves and stacks. In some areas in the north of the NCA, coastal erosion has caused slumping resulting in sections of bare, unstable clay. Where the sandstone of the lower greensand reaches the sea it forms high, terraced cliffs, as at Blackgang Chine and Red Cliff. Inland, it produces gently rolling country with isolated knolls and hog-back ridges (Isle of Wight Natural Area Profile).

Bedrock geology

The geology of the Isle of Wight consists of sediments of Cretaceous age and younger, with the Wealden clays at the base. Above these are the Lower Greensand and then Gault Clay and Upper Greensand. The Gault Clay is structurally weak and the presence of the Upper Greensand above it has led to some spectacular landslips. There are thick (530 m) beds of Chalk here with flint nodules in the upper part and sands and clays of the Reading Beds, Bagshot Beds and London Clay above the Chalk. The rocks in the Isle of Wight were then folded as a result of stresses from the Alpine Orogeny (mountain building episode). This reactivated an existing fault so some of the strata on the island are now almost vertical. The Purbeck Monocline, a step-like fold, continues into the Isle of Wight where it forms the central spine. The Isle of Wight is famous for its fossils. Species found here include Neovenator (a carnivore similar to Tyrannosaurus rex) and Eotyrannus – both theropods – and also many herbivorous dinosaurs. The Hemstead Beds are famous for fossils of mammals, crocodiles, turtles and fish. There are many invertebrate fossil locations on the island (Isle of Wight Natural Area Profile).

Superficial deposits

During the Quaternary (the last 2 million years) deposits laid down have mainly consisted of alluvium, river terrace deposits laid down by fluvial processes and clay-with-flints. The island Now formed at the end of the last ice age, approximately 7,000 years ago. The chalk ridge that runs from Dorset across the island is the same chalk distribution visible at Dover, Normandy and Pas de Calais. The Solent Now a river from the River Frome and over time isostatic rebound and increasing sea levels separated the island from the mainland and created Poole Bay (Isle of Wight Natural Area Profile and Isle of Wight AONB, 2012).

Designated geological sites

The NCA includes the following geological sites (Natural England, Geological and Mixed Sites of Special Scientific Interest, 2021):

wdt_ID NCA_ID NAME NCAAreaHa Interest type Area (ha) 2021 Percent of NCA (2021) Count
2361NORTH NORTHUMBERLAND COASTAL PLAIN37,669.6Geological6.80.01
2371NORTH NORTHUMBERLAND COASTAL PLAIN37,669.6Mixed1,029.52.75
2382NORTHUMBERLAND SANDSTONE HILLS72,694.6Geological45.40.14
2393CHEVIOT FRINGE51,591.3Geological17.10.02
2404CHEVIOTS36,487.9Geological165.00.52
2414CHEVIOTS36,487.9Mixed3,488.99.61
2425BORDER MOORS AND FORESTS127,155.9Geological85.70.18
2435BORDER MOORS AND FORESTS127,155.9Mixed35.80.01
2446SOLWAY BASIN98,350.4Geological7.20.02
2456SOLWAY BASIN98,350.4Mixed5,569.25.74

Soils and Agriculture Classification

Wealden Clay produces heavy soils and where it occurs inland, it mostly supports pasture. The light sand soils over the Lower Greensand provide some of the best arable land on the island. The Chalk gives rise to thin lime-rich soils that supports distinctive vegetation (Isle of Wight Natural Area Profile).

The main grades of agricultural land in the NCA are broken down as follows (as a proportion of total land area) (Natural England, Provisional Agricultural Land Classification, 2019):


Landform, geology and soils map for NCA127

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Key waterbodies and catchments section contains a map

Note that numbers and figures in the body of the text are based on the 2014 profiles, unless otherwise stated. The maps contain live frequently updated datasets.

Major rivers/canals

The following major rivers/canals (by length) have been identified in this NCA (Natural England, data informing the 2014 National Character Area Profiles, 2010):

wdt_ID REF_CODE NAME_1 Name Length (km) SumOfShape_Length
11NORTH NORTHUMBERLAND COASTAL PLAINRiver Aln7.67,587.2
21NORTH NORTHUMBERLAND COASTAL PLAINRiver Coquet5.55,516.0
31NORTH NORTHUMBERLAND COASTAL PLAINWhiteadder Water2.92,904.9
410NORTH PENNINESBlack Burn11.911,853.4
510NORTH PENNINESCroglin Water10.010,042.3
610NORTH PENNINESCrowdundle Beck4.34,337.4
710NORTH PENNINESDevil's Water20.520,464.6
810NORTH PENNINESHarwood Beck9.79,740.2
910NORTH PENNINESRiver Allen4.94,889.0
1010NORTH PENNINESRiver Derwent15.315,268.4

Please note: other significant rivers (by volume) may also occur. Tidal stretches of rivers are not included, which may include some major rivers.

Water quality

Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) are areas designated as being at risk from agricultural nitrate pollution. These can impact surface water (waterbodies and waterways located above ground) and groundwater (water bodies and waterways located below ground).

Waterbodies such as lakes can also be designated as “eutrophic waters” if the enrichment of the waterbody by nitrate pollution causes accelerated growth of algae, impacting the quality of the water and the balance of organisms within it.

The following NVZs are located within the NCA (Environment Agency, Nitrate Vulnerable Zones Designations, 2021):

Water framework directive

River basin management plans cover river basin districts and describe the challenges that threaten the water environment and how these challenges can be managed and funded. The plans include the classification of water quality of surface waters and ground waters.



Click on the Water Framework Directive layers on the below map to view the corresponding river names.

Key waterbodies and catchments map for NCA127

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Trees and woodlands section contains a map

Note that numbers and figures in the body of the text are based on the 2014 profiles, unless otherwise stated. The maps contain live frequently updated datasets.

Total woodland cover

Ancient woodland is any area that has been wooded continuously since at least 1600 AD. National Forest Inventory (NFI) woodland includes all forests and woodlands (0.5 hectares and over). The total woodland cover within the NCA is as follows (Forestry Commission, National Forest Inventory, 2020; 2023; Natural England, Ancient Woodland, 2021; 2024; this does not consider Natural England’s ‘Ancient Woodland – Revised (England) – Completed Counties’ data as this is being updated in tranches and no full dataset is yet available):

Distribution and size of woodland and trees in the landscape

Woodland cover varies; small copses, relict wood pastures and large plantations characterise the north of the island, while ancient, hanger woodlands and further plantations are found in the south. Ancient woodland is also found along the coast. The widespread creation of forestry plantations, mainly on former heathland, but also on areas of chalk grassland and neutral grassland, has caused significant damage to important wildlife habitats. In addition, several of the island’s ancient woodlands have been damaged by conversion to commercial forestry plantations (Isle of Wight Natural Area Profile).

Woodland types

A statistical breakdown of the area and type of woodland found across the NCA is detailed below (Forestry Commission, National Forest Inventory, 2020; 2023):

Area and proportion of ancient woodland and planted ancient woodland sites (PAWS) within the NCA (Natural England, Ancient Woodland, 2021; 2024):


Trees and woodlands map for NCA127

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Boundary features and patterns

Note that numbers and figures in the body of the text are based on the 2014 profiles, unless otherwise stated.

Boundary features

Hedgerows are the predominant boundary feature throughout (Isle of Wight Countryside Character Area Description; Countryside Quality Counts, 2003).

Field patterns

Most of the island is covered by irregular-shaped fields that vary in size from typically small in the north on the clays to medium, and occasionally large, on the slopes of the chalk ridge. On the heavy clays there Now some reorganisation of boundaries, creating larger fields and improving drainage, in the 19th century (Isle of Wight Countryside Character Area Description; Countryside Quality Counts, 2003)

Agriculture section contains a map

Note that numbers and figures in the body of the text are based on the 2014 profiles, unless otherwise stated. The maps contain live frequently updated datasets.

The following tables provide the most recently available statistics from Defra on agriculture within the NCA.

Farm type

The following farm types are located within this NCA (Defra, Structure of the agricultural industry in England and the UK at June, 2025):

Farm size

The following table outlines the sizes of farms within the NCA (Defra, Structure of the agricultural industry in England and the UK at June, 2025):

Farm ownership

The following table outlines the ownership of farms within the NCA (Defra, Structure of the agricultural industry in England and the UK at June, 2025):

Land use

The following table outlines the types of agricultural land use within the NCA (Defra, Structure of the agricultural industry in England and the UK at June, 2025):

Livestock numbers

The following livestock are farmed within the NCA (Defra, Structure of the agricultural industry in England and the UK at June, 2025):

Farm labour

The following table outlines the types of farm labour within the NCA (Defra, Structure of the agricultural industry in England and the UK at June, 2025):

Please note: (i) Some of the Census data are estimated by Defra so may not present a precise assessment of agriculture within this area (ii) Data refers to commercial holdings only (iii) Data includes land outside of the NCA where it belongs to holdings whose centre point is recorded as being within the NCA.



Note that the below map only shows agri-environment scheme coverage, and not other schemes.

Agriculture map for NCA127

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Key habitats and species section contains a map

Note that numbers and figures in the body of the text are based on the 2014 profiles, unless otherwise stated. The maps contain live frequently updated datasets.

Habitat distribution/coverage

The Isle of Wight contains a number of rich and varied habitat types that are under a strong maritime influence. The main habitats supported on the island include chalk grassland, neutral meadows, ancient semi-natural broadleaved woodland, relict heathland and acid grassland. The cliffs and landslips support a number of rare plants (Natural England, NCA Science and Research, Natural Area Profile)

Key Habitats

The NCA contains the following areas of key main habitats, as mapped by the national Priority Habitat Inventory (Natural England, Priority Habitats Inventory, 2021; 2024; Natural England, Wood Pasture and Parkland, 2020). Note: lakes and ponds were not included in 2021 data:






Key habitats and species map for NCA127

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Settlement and development patterns section contains a map

Note that numbers and figures in the body of the text are based on the 2014 profiles, unless otherwise stated. The maps contain live frequently updated datasets.

Settlement patterns

Patterns of settlement vary. Small, linear villages connected by winding lanes are located at the base of the chalk downs. Victorian seaside resorts, estates and villas are concentrated along the coast. Urban development is spreading into former agricultural land, with Nowte disposal sites, extensive holiday and industrial developments and caravan parks blurring the edge of settlements.

There has been a considerable increase in the number of horses on the island and equestrian paraphernalia (such as field division and sand schools). The main settlements of Newport, Cowes, and East Cowes are around the Medina River, a navigable river which still has working wharfs and waterfronts. The other main settlements of Ryde, Bembridge, Sandown, Shanklin and Lake are on the east coast and are connected by the Victorian railway line which remains between the passenger ferry terminal at Ryde pier and Shanklin. On the west of the island the main settlements of Yarmouth and Freshwater are located around the Western Yar estuary, and Totland around Totland Bay.

The features of estuaries and rivers have attracted settlement, while other settlements have been influenced by railway and highway development (Isle of Wight AONB, 2012, Isle of Wight Countryside Character Area Description; Countryside Quality Counts, 2003)

Main settlements

The Isle of Wight NCA contains the following settlements; Newport, Cowes, Ryde, Ventnor, Shanklin, Sandown, Totland and Bembridge, Yarmouthand Freshwater. The total estimated population for this NCA (derived from ONS 2001 census data) is 140,491 (Isle of Wight Countryside Character Area Description; Countryside Quality Counts, 2003, Natural England, 2012)

Local vernacular and building materials

Local limestones and sandstones are the main traditional building materials. Local brick buildings are common, and a few ancient buildings are roofed with a combination of limestone slabs and tile upper courses. However, the island does not have one strong vernacular building style. Various designs reflect the complexity of the geology of the island (Isle of Wight AONB unit 2012, Isle of Wight Countryside Character Area Description; Countryside Quality Counts, 2003)

Settlement and development patterns map for NCA127

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Key historic sites and features section contains a map

Note that numbers and figures in the body of the text are based on the 2014 profiles, unless otherwise stated. The maps contain live frequently updated datasets.

Origin of historic features

Historical landscape features include prehistoric burial mounds, former medieval deer parks, Victorian country houses and (mostly) degraded parklands. There is a relatively high number of deserted medieval village sites across the island and a Roman Villa has been excavated at Brading. The coastal settlements reflect the rise in tourism during Victorian period, but earlier defensive features also remain such as the Tudor Yarmouth Castle and Carisbrooke Castle which dominate the area around Newport and, along with the former royal residence of Osborne House, is one of the main tourist attractions on the island (Countryside Quality Counts Draft Historic Profile, Isle of Wight Countryside Character Area Description)

Designated historic assets

The NCA includes the following designated historic assets (Historic England, National Heritage List for England, 2021; 2024):

Listed buildings

The NCA includes the following listed buildings (Historic England, National Heritage List for England, 2021; 2024):

Heritage at Risk Register

The NCA includes the following designated historic assets listed within the Heritage at Risk Register (Historic England, Heritage at Risk Register, 2021; 2023):



Key historic sites and features map for NCA127

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Recreation and access section contains a map

Note that numbers and figures in the body of the text are based on the 2014 profiles, unless otherwise stated. The maps contain live frequently updated datasets.

Public access

The following areas of public access for recreation are located within this NCA (Natural England, 2021; National Trust, 2021):


Please note: Public access areas may overlap.

The following linear routes or public access for recreation are located within this NCA (Natural England, 2021; Sustrans; 2021):

Recreation and access map for NCA127

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Experiential qualities

Note that numbers and figures in the body of the text are based on the 2014 profiles, unless otherwise stated.

Tranquillity

Based on the CPRE map of tranquillity (2006) much of the NCA is relatively tranquil away from the coast and urban areas of Newport, Ryde, Sandown and Shanklin, and along major roads. The west of the NCA has more and larger areas of tranquillity than the east. A special feature is the island’s tranquillity and ‘dark skies’. These are areas where there is little ambient light pollution and on a clear night stars can be seen clearly. The Isle of Wight has a vast majority of the south- east of England’s remaining ‘dark skies’.

A breakdown of tranquillity values for this NCA are detailed in the table below (CPRE, Tranquillity Map, 2006):

Dark skies

Light pollution is a generic term referring to artificial light that shines where it is neither wanted nor needed, and can impact on people’s experience of the countryside within the NCAs. CPRE host an interactive map, depicting the light pollution and dark skies within the NCA.

Intrusion

The 2007 Intrusion Map (CPRE) shows the extent to which rural landscapes are ‘intruded on’ from urban development, noise (primarily traffic noise), and other sources of visual and auditory intrusion. This shows that almost the whole of the western half of the island remains undisturbed, apart from the urban areas around Totland and Newtown and the route of the A3054 road.

A breakdown of intrusion values for this NCA is detailed in the table below (CPRE, Intrusion Map, 2007):

Notable trends from the 1960s to 2007 are that disturbed land has doubled, while that classed as urban, though still a small proportion of the NCA, has increased significantly in the period since the 1990s.